You tell me (part 1)

Introduction

People of any religious background have many things that are in common and that assembly them together as they base their beliefs and values in some truths which are to be revealed through their actions and sometimes their teachings. Muslims have had fundamental beliefs that have been drawn from the Holy Koran. This paper makes it public why truth seeking and good-loving people or person should remain or become Muslim.

Muslim Virtues

There are so many virtues that Islam teaches through the Holy Koran which every true Muslim must observe and be a true Muslim of all seasons and societies. However, it must be remembered that every denomination or religious sect are liberals and conservatives and even though these two camps exist, there is a general belief of the values and on the same virtues. Nevertheless, there are some who are radicals who distort the truth about the Muslim society and their beliefs and virtues. The actions of every true Muslim are outlined taught clearly in the Holy Koran. Moreover, the best way to live and act are taught and based in the Holy Book, the Koran. Inasmuch one misrepresentations and or misconceptions, there are those who are bent to smear murk and mire the virtues of Islam. For example, people who talk about and support jihad which is true and have put many genuine Muslims out in the cold and lastly and ending to loose opportunities. Some people have had phobia when they know they are with Muslims around. Strongly it must be known that true and genuine Muslims either conservatives or liberals live by the principles of Allah and some of them should seek Allah and live by the virtues revealed in and through the Holy Koran, for example, the virtue truth and good-seeking. The virtues were given to Muhammad and written in the Holy Koran for every Muslim and those who will like to convert into Muslim everywhere and anywhere in the world.

The loving Muslim must seek the truth and obtain or learn good qualities that will please the Creator to abundantly bless such a Muslim regardless of age, skin color, social status and gender. A true Muslim can only live comfortably by providing for the needy in the society which is for the purpose of signs of submission to God and respect to his Creation for the reason that He is the one who has created everything and everybody. The moral of good seeking and loving Muslims is ignited by the need to do well and enter into paradise which is the ultimate prize of devout Muslims. There are hundreds of virtues that good Muslims exhibit, which include friendliness, discipline, empathy, honesty, obedience, sharing, openness, self-respect, tolerance, cleanliness, understanding, forgiveness, thankfulness, responsibility, courageous respectfulness, among many other virtues. Many problems are evaded through the observance of the teachings of the Holy book, the Koran. These and other virtues that are not in the list, encourage Muslims to remain steadfast in their belief of doing well to others, the society and the world at large. Not only these virtues that encourage and promote the sense of a good Muslim but other social values like the family where respect for husbands and parents is paramount as the Holy book, the (Koran 3: 104) says, “let there arise out of you a band of people inviting to all that is good, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong”. The great teaching of the Koran boosts the morale of those to be Muslims and those who yearn to convert into Muslims.

Muslims strongly adhere to and observe their teachings unlike other sects and some punishment to those who break laws and commandments are severely punished and hence even in the countries where there is Islam dominance; there is no robbery and crime. A free society from crime encourages other people to respect Muslims, Islam and its doctrines which in turn bring more converts, young and old. Their (Muslims) teachings encourage and beseech people to respect their parents, strangers, orphans and all people in any given society. The virtue of temperance is properly advocated by the Muslims and hence it encourages those who are Muslims already and those who are seeking to become ones. Temperance outlines that eating must be controlled and good foods should be eaten in order to take care of the body which has been given and blessed by God.

Major essay

Introduction: literature review

Research on interpersonal communication can and should contribute to the development of scientific findings. Yet, some scientific truths are created by imperfect humans using methods based on probabilistic inferences and puzzled with all sorts of potential for error. The problem of relying on interpersonal communication research, without some method of assessing errors, is that the results may not only produce inconsistent findings but a chaotic theoretical approach to future research.

Allen (1997) suggested that many narrative or box-score reviews that try to make sense of interpersonal communication research could end up simply perpetuating errors and relying on chance. Additionally, the scholar suggested that attempts to explain inconsistencies in the interpersonal communication literature become more confused, especially when the number of studies becomes larger and larger. Allen (1998) explains that this happens because errors cannot be accounted for on the basis of methodological assumptions or some other type of examination of the investigations. Meta-analysis handles the issues of assessing the impact and the contribution to inter-study variability in outcome on the basis of random factors relating to sampling error.

Other interpersonal communication scholars such as Preiss and Allen (1995) argue that striving to formulate theories must also sift through all sorts of information riddled with various types of errors. They argue that a sophisticated examination, comparison, or classification does not provide a good basis for analysis without a statistical method for elimination of error such as meta-analysis. A telling example of the quandaries faced by these and other scholars summarizing large domains of complex research may be found in the similarity and attraction literature. Sixty years of accumulated literature resulted in competing theoretical camps and disagreements over germane processes and methodological approaches.

Dependent and independent variables

There are many approaches and possibilities for employing a meta-analytic review (Preiss & Allen, 1995). Occasionally, the results of a series of meta-analysis call into question an effort that is presumed to exist. For example, many scholars assumed that widespread differences in interpersonal communication were based on biological gender. That conclusion was called into question in communication by Canary and Hause (1993) and in the social sciences in general by Hyde and Plant (1995). The overall results led Allen (1998) to call for reconsidering both measurement and theoretical approaches. The examples of independent variables on interpersonal communication in his studies are self-esteem, power in language use, self-disclosure, communication process discussions, and interpersonal conflict.

Our goal is to have the outcome from the investigation match the empirical outcome that is considered to really exist by the scholars. The comparison is between what the investigation produces using the significance rules and the outcome considered to be real or “true.” There are four possible outcomes of an experiment or survey, regardless of the relation assessed. Of the four outcomes, two are consistent and two involve errors. No errors have been committed if the investigation finds an effect (rejects the null hypothesis) and there is, in fact, a relation. Similarly, no error has been made if the investigation concludes there is no relation (fails to reject the null hypothesis) and in fact, no relation exists. The other two outcomes are considered errors because the outcome of the investigation is inconsistent with what really exists (Allen 1998).

Conclusion

As social scientists, many scholars wish to offer conclusions that address group tendencies. If the question is “Do men or women initiate relationships?” a meta-analysis on this topic would not assert that all men or all women initiate expressions of interest. The conclusion is simply that one of the two groups is first to begin the conversation. Predictions about individuals are not made, because the level of analysis is the group. This observation often leads to the assertion that the social sciences are “soft” or unable to offer robust generalizations. Hedges (1987) explored this assertion by variability found in the natural sciences (the “hard” sciences) and the social sciences. His meta-analysis found that there is actually slightly less variability in investigation outcomes in the social sciences. Variability, then, it not something unique to the social sciences, but rather is something that occurs in all sciences investigating group-level outcomes. The difference is that the hard sciences have, for many years, been using some form of data aggregation to compare and contrast the variability in findings (e.g., smokers vs. nonsmokers, drug trial vs. placebo, bombarding one element with electrons vs. bombarding a different element).

Once the results of interpersonal communication research are tested for error, scholars can begin to treat the findings as a much closer approximation to the truth. Consider the example of the interpersonal consequences of self-disclosure. Allen (1998) draws on earlier meta-analyses, summarizes key theoretical issues (sex differences, self-disclosure and liking, and reciprocity), and concludes that self-disclosure is indeed a foundational issue in relational development and management. When interpersonal communication research findings can be demonstrated as consistent across a large set of investigations, the confidence in the findings grows, as does the predictability of generating various outcomes.

Research report (part 6)

It is important to note that a significant reduction in the size of an association between two variables by taking out the influence of a third variable does not necessarily mean that that reduction indicates the degree of inaccuracy in the original relationship between the two variables. An alternative possibility that should be seriously considered is that one of the two variables is an intervening or mediating variable which is influenced by the third variable and which affects the other variable (Schore, 2000).

The absence of a significant association between two measures, on the other hand, does not necessarily signify lack of causal connection between those two variables. It is possible that the relationship is suppressed or hidden by the influence of one or more other variables.

Reflective summary

Even though Kogan and Carter (1996) conduct a very useful and interesting experiment, a problem with the still face situation, however, is that so many changes upon presentation of the still face that it is difficult to account for its effects on infant behavior. For example, parental behaviour in a range of modalities (e.g., facial expression, looking behaviour, vocalizations, touching, head movements) decreases, the overall level of stimulation decreases, the change in parental behaviour is abrupt and unanticipated, parental behaviour is no longer responsive to that of the infant, and the parent shows a pattern of behaviour that the infant may not have seen before. Therefore, instead of supporting the arousal model, the effects of the still face could be due to expectancy violations, decreases in a single or multiple modalities, a loss of social control, the suddenness of the change, and so on. More likely, probably more than one of these processes is operating. D’Entremont and Muir, (1997) have conducted a series of studies aimed at exploring which aspects of the situation may be most influential in affecting infant behavior. These studies provide data supporting the arousal regulation, expectancy violation, and non-contingency explanations. For example, supporting arousal regulation was the finding that if adults (mothers or experimenters) provided physical stimulation during the still face sessions (even if the adult’s hand was not visible), the infants showed more positive affect than if no physical contact was provided (D’Entremont and Muir 1997). The moderating effect of adult touch, however, was only significant for active, not passive, touch. Thus, infants who continued to receive stimulation in the form of active touch during the still face period probably experienced levels of arousal high enough that they did not become bored and distressed.

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Part 5 

The states role in the cultivation of the female ideal throughout Chinese history (part 5)

Chin concludes in her consideration of the up to designated day fundamental press and of its treatment of representations of modernity over the East/West split up as well as of the suffrage action in the USA and in Europe that in relative to the position of foreign women, ‘… the gap between their own position and that of the American and British suffragists should have hit Chinese readers as broad indeed’ (p. 51). The last part hunts for to ‘re-translate’ ‘Chinese feminist’ images from inside the Western look – and Chin finds this look ‘shocked’ (at women’s ways of being up to date and very much their own women), ‘surprised’ (at feminists in China going ahead and before women in America and in Europe), and as resistant to American influence. There is no lone, consistent representation of ‘the new Chinese woman’, Chin maintains. Women in early nineteenth 100 years China were still in a flux, she states, but they furthermore were in seek of a modernity that increased out of their own custom other than out of an leverage alien to their own ideas and aspirations.

Yung-Chen Chiang extends the investigation of Western leverage on the Chinese women’s action with her section on ‘Womanhood, Motherhood, and Biology: The Early Phases of the Ladies’ Journal, 1915-25.’ Foregoing a well-liked assumption amidst scholars that the emergence of nationalism constitutes a going by car force of women’s annals, Chiang builds on Tani Barlow’s thesis that international feminism discovered resonance and origins furthermore in Chinese discourses of the time.

A case study of The Ladies’ Journal (Funü zazhi) – which ran between 1915 to 1931 – culminates in her contention that taking into account perspectives granted by gender discourses in Japanese and European (including Scandinavian) thoughtful rounds, ‘can offer insights on how nationalism, socialism, and research mediate the transmission of international gender discourses in up to date China, and how women in compare to men understood and established these discourses to articulate their own anxieties and subjectivities’ (p. 97). Chiang’s very careful investigation displays the vibrancy of the thoughtful argument, a sheer ‘cacophony’ of voices, with its diverse contexts and viewpoints which foreshadowed so numerous of the arguments in subsequent decades – if adopting matters of sexy ethics, motherhood, eugenics, or nationwide ‘health’ arguments and their significances for women’s command over their own body.

But she furthermore illustrates that Chinese women thinkers took part in these arguments from inside highly personalized concerns. On the entire, men overridden both argument and transformation of salient thoughtful currents. They resolved ideological places and converted center political concepts to form the main headings of the territory under the banner of advancement and a science-propelled modernity. Ultimately, this would dilute the urgency of the ‘women’s question.’ Translation discourse on jianmei (robust beauty) presents Yunxiang Gao with the opening to delve into up to designated day preoccupations with skin, garments, hair-style, body posture and personal mobility. Conflicting places on modernity, pathways to nationwide restructure, insights of the ‘West’ and of relation power of the territory are discovered in a nuanced analysis.

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Research report (part 3)

Stern (1977) developed a model showing various degrees of adult-infant contact, which has been later used by a number of scientists testing his original hypothesis of mother-child cognitive interaction. Several experimental studies have been conducted that support Stern’s (1977) model. In two separate studies, Pelaez-Nogueras and colleagues (Pelaez-Nogueros et al., 1997) had adult females interact with infants in a standardized manner, to examine the effects of different forms of contingent responsiveness on infant behavior. In both studies, experimenters responded dissimilarly to infant looks with various forms of stimulation and examined their effects on infant behavior over time. In the first study (Pelaez-Nogueros et al., 1996), contingent physical stroking paired with smiling and vocalizing at the infant led to more eye contact, more positive affect, and less negative affect over time than did contingent smiling and vocalizing alone. In the second (PelaezNogueras et al., 1997), contingent stroking led to more eye contact, more positive affect, and less negative affect than did tickling and poking.

Field (1977) also provided some support for Stern’s (1977) model. In a study of full-term, preterm, and post-term infants, she noted that when mothers of full-terms were instructed to try to get their infant’s attention, the mothers increased their level of stimulation over that of free play, and the amount of time that their infants looked at them actually decreased.

The most common type of experimental study in this area involves use of Tronick and colleagues’ (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978) ‘still-face’ procedure. In the studies conducted by Kogan and Carter (1996), parents play with their infant for a short period and then terminate normal social interaction and present a motionless ‘still-face’ (usually for about 2 minutes). Infants in these situations usually show decreases in smiling and looking at the parent, increases in motor activity, and in fussiness or crying. If this disinterest or distress is the result of boredom from insufficient stimulation, then these results support Stern’s (1977) model in that infant positive affective involvement is dependent on the presentation of interesting patterns of parental stimulation.

Coding

We used the coding approach that was initially employed by Kogan and Carter (1996) in their ‘still-face’ experiment. Unlike the original research conducted by these scholars, in which different people (specifically trained in coding) were asked to record and systemize mothers’ and infants’ behaviors, one person coded the study participants’ actions and responses to stimuli, presented on the video. Similarly to Kogan and Carter (1996), gaze and effect were coded across baseline play, still-face, and re-engagement. We systemized affect as “positive,” “neutral,” or “negative.” In turn, the gaze was recorded as “leaning towards mother” or “withdrawing”.  It should be noted that if mothers or babies’ faces were not visible on the screen, we recorded the effect as missing. Three types of gazes were coded: looking at the mother’s face; looking at the toy present in the settings; and looking away or closing eyes. Relying on the experiment conducted by Kogan and Carter (1996), gaze data were coded according to one of six sorts of behavior recorded in real time.

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The states role in the cultivation of the female ideal throughout Chinese history (part 1)

Chronicled  Investigations

The most  amazing  change in  chronicled  investigations  in China  throughout  the last two decades has been the  increase  of new  communal  history.’ It trials the customary historiography in three ways: in the things investigated,  in the causes utilized,  and in methodology. Social historians have  moved  the  aim  of their  study  from the so-called “elite history” to “mass history.” In supplement to revising the inhabits of rulers and communal elites, they are worried with topics preciously neglected— which encompass but are not restricted to women, ethnic minorities, and employed class people. Social historians argue that Chinese annals should not be founded only on the written check of a sequence of important political events, dynasty alterations,  ruling ideologies, governmental principles,  and institutional schemes, but furthermore on the comprehending of human demeanor,  peoples’  every day inhabits,  and their sentiments and experiences. New communal annals are furthermore distinguished by utilizing new components for research.

Unlike customary Chinese historiography whose prime causes are mostly from formally amassed chronicled publications and articles, communal historians furthermore use oral annals, folk publications, and components from area inquiry as prime causes for their research. Their new idea and methodology boost an inter-disciplinary structure and the scrounging of conceptions and methodologies from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and associated learned fields. Social historians furthermore focus the implication of revising annals from the viewpoint of the persons being studied. For demonstration, to study women, one should analyze their demeanor from the issue of an outlook of women not of men.

Consequently, the increase of new communal annals has deeply impacted women’s annals in China. For thousands of years, Chinese annals have been fundamentally men’s history. The major cause women were disregarded associated with their political, financial, and communal place in the society. Being overridden by Confucian ideology that encouraged the concepts of feminine inferiority and a parting of sexes, women were usually omitted from prescribed learning and participation in policy-making, the infantry, and other undertakings in public spheres. Their location was mostly interior the house, portraying as mothers, wives, and daughters. Therefore, women’s inhabits and assistance to humanity were advised minor by most customary historians. After 1949, when mainland China was directed by the Communists, historians directed Marxist idea in their studies. Marxism emphasizes the implication of financial structure and class labor but is unseeing to gender dissimilarities and ethnic distinctions.

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Sociology

The social discrimination is present in all the cultures and societies. Whenever there is an event when someone gets benefits just because of the race and gender the questions arise about the social division within any culture. Though this situation depicts that a White man Stearns is trying to buy his seventh home and at the same time a Black woman Jones is about to withdraw from her home to foreclosure. The situation shows different disparities all the way. However, it is possible that Stearns might be achieving all this only on account of his money and power but no matter what the single lady is left with two small children with nowhere to go and no one is there to take care of her. The gender discrimination most of the times lead to these situations when females are provided with the certain tailor-made problems just to show the dominance of man. But this is not like this all the times. Though this happens to white females as well but the difference of social class and the race has much to do with the response a female gets.

It is the rule of each social society that the females are treated with anger and dominance. The gender discrimination and gender orientation has much to do with this fact. Moreover, the racism of white and black is another major issue as well. Mrs. Jones is black and is about to lose her home. Now at this time there will be no one there to come and help her out. Even the law will not give any relaxations. She is under debt as well and due to that reason she is about to lose her home as well. This basically means that the social structure of any society is based on the disparity factors. These factors are the gender discrimination, race discrimination and the class discrimination and they are used differently at different occasions and situations.

Key Social Political and Cultural Issues Currently Impacting the African Diaspora Community in Mexico (part 3)

The Presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari

It should be pointed out that during the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1989-94), legislative reforms were enacted that had and have a high level of potential impact on black communities. Perhaps the most debated was the reform of Article 27 of the constitution, which established that communal lands could not be sold or subjected to corporate exploitation, and gave rural communities a priority right to land. The Salinas government said both that there was no more land to distribute and that Article 27 had to be modified in order to attract investment in agriculture. The new Article 27 implied that these lands could be sold and rented by blacks as well as bought by mercantile societies (Githiora 2008). This reformulation, expressed concretely in 1992, provoked an intense polemic; it was accused of favoring the development of new forms of prejudice, thus canceling the achievements of the agrarian reform and facilitating the concentration of income.

An attack on Black Communities

From another perspective it could be considered as an attack on black communities, given that it immediately made possible the sale, no longer of productive personal property but of part of an ethnic territory. If a peasant sells his lands, it is reasonable to conclude that he would be exercising an individual right, but if an Indian or a black person sells it, he is compromising the collective territorial right of his people, even though sale of such lands to outsiders must be approved by a majority of the general assembly. This interpretation underscores the difference in legal concept between land as something that can be sold, and land as part of an inalienable national territory. It is essential to point out, however, that the right of black people to their territory still is not recognized by national laws, although it is increasingly demanded.

But in spite of the juridical innovation represented by this constitutional reform, the law regulating Article 4 has not yet been promulgated because of the conflicts generated among the various interest groups. One should point out that until a few years ago Mexico defined itself as a mestizo nation, a concept that claimed to synthesize the composition of the population, but which in reality excluded all those ethnically differentiated from the reference group (Githiora 2008). For this reason, the constitutional reform had a strong political and ideological impact on many of the social sectors who saw their national vision altered. The future implementation would open legal doors to the political configuration of a multi-ethnic state that already exists in fact.

In order to transform this situation, the government elaborated a plan that proposed to respect black culture by means of increasing Afro-Mexicans’ participation in all decisions that would affect them. Specific programs were proposed to aid black education, culture, health, and economies (Twillie 1995). In general, the effective achievements of these proposals were extremely modest, because they only acted as soothing of a situation of marginalization and structural domination. Today in Mexico being black is often a synonym for being poor.

The clearest and most dramatic expression of the failure of the government black and Indian policy and the negative impact of measures such as the reform of Article 27 is the massive outburst of Indian insurrection that detonated January 1, 1994, in Chiapas. For decades researchers and social analysts from different national and foreign institutions have documented the continuance of a neocolonial interethnic system in Chiapas, whose economy registers old forms of exploiting blacks by the white population.

The discontent was created during generations and expressed in various rebellions that occurred in past centuries. Despite the presence of white leaders in its ranks, and the probable existence of political interests from outside the region, it cannot be doubted that the rebels counted on a defined black social base. No group of activists could have achieved the armed mobilization of thousands of native men and women if profound reasons did not feed the discontent and nourish the rebellion. It is very difficult at this time to speculate about the political and military process generated by the guerrillas. The configuration of future scenarios is still uncertain. However, it is clear that drastic measures should be taken in order to improve the situation with education, health, and economic status of Afro-Mexicans.

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